白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶利用视觉和嗅觉信息识别两性

[目的]探究视觉和嗅觉信息在白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶识别异性中扮演的作用,从而加深对性二型蝶类两性交流机制的认识。[方法]在网室内分别悬挂白带锯蛱蝶雄蝶和雌蝶的真实翅模型、打印的翅模型和活蝴蝶模型,记录雌蝶对以上模型的访问次数。[结果]表明:仅有视觉或嗅觉信号存在时,雌蝶对雄蝶模型访问次数均大于雌模型。雌蝶对雌雄翅和纸模型访问平均次数均有显著差异,说明雌蝶仅靠视觉信息能够辨别雌雄。雌蝶对雌雄嗅觉模型访问平均次数有显著差异,说明雌蝶仅靠嗅觉信息能够辨别雌雄。视觉和嗅觉信息均存在时,雌蝶对正常雄蝶访问平均次数多于雄蝶视觉和嗅觉模型,且对3种雄蝶的平均访问次数有显著差异,说明雌蝶识别雄蝶时偏好2种信息的综合作用。[结论]白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶利用视觉或嗅觉信息均能识别雌雄两性,雌蝶在识别两性时较偏爱同时有视觉和嗅觉信息的雄蝶。     

Effects of selective cutting and herbicide use in spring barley on seed production of Cirsium arvense

A field experiment was performed in Sweden to evaluate the effect of herbicide treatment and selective cutting on the seed production of Cirsium arvense. Four treatments (control (C), selective cutting (S), early (H1) and late (H2) herbicide application) were laid out in a randomized block experiment. The field was sown with spring barley and contained a natural population of the weed. Treatments were first applied 2015 and repeated 2016. Changes in the number of seeds per flower receptacle and average seed weight were measured over time in 2016 from the onset of seed production until crop harvest. At harvest, number of shoots per area and cumulative numbers of flower receptacles, which had shed mature seeds over the season, were counted. These data were used to assess total seed production over the season. Treatment H2 led to a significantly decreased number of seeds per receptacle (49) compared to S (59), H1 (64) and C (67). Over time and treatment, number of seeds per flower receptacle was lowest in the second week (47) and increased over the third week to 69 in week four. Average weight per seed was about constant over time (0.91?mg) while H1 and S (0.63 and 0.78?mg, respectively) had lower seed weights compared to H2 and C (1.04 and 1.19?mg, respectively). Total seed production over the season in terms of number of seeds per square meter was greatly reduced by all treatments (5–20 seeds m^?2, or 3–14?mg?m^?2) compared to the control (6600 seeds m^?2, or 7800?mg?m^?2). We conclude that seed production of C. arvense is inhibited a thousand-fold and equally well by selective cutting as by early or late herbicide treatments.     

食用菌有性发育相关基因的研究进展

从构巢曲霉veA基因的发现出发,以研究时间先后为顺序,总结了近30 a来发现的与食用菌有性发育相关的基因及其作用,其中重点介绍了双孢菇、香菇和冬虫夏草中有性发育相关基因的功能,并对今后食用菌有性发育的研究进行了展望。     

Identification of SNPs in the 5′‐flanking region and 3′‐UTR of the MIH gene and their association with precocity of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis

Moult‐inhibiting hormone (MIH), an important regulator of steroidogenesis, inhibits the synthesis of ecdysteroid in Y‐organ (YO) and plays a significant role in the regulation of moulting and post‐embryonic development of crustacean. Because unsuccessful moulting have been widely observed in precocious crabs, we investigated whether genetic variants in the 5′‐flanking region and 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of the MIH gene are associated with precocity of the Chinese mitten crab. Thirty individual DNA samples were sequenced to search for SNPs in the 5′‐flanking region and 3′‐UTR of the MIH gene. Five SNPs (g.196 T>A, g.230 C>T, g.305 T>C, g.323 C>A and g.372 C>T) in the 5′‐flanking region and 6 SNPs (g.2677 C>T, g.2759 T>A, g.2807 T>C, g.3042 A>G, g.3088 T>G and g.3295 T>G) in the 3′‐UTR of the MIH gene were selected for the individual genotyping in a two‐stage association study. We found that a SNP g.3088 T>G in the 3′‐UTR of MIH gene was consistently associated with precocity of the Chinese mitten crab in stage 1 and stage 2, with a per‐allele OR (Odds Ratio) of 1.469 (95% CI: 1.169–1.844) after two stages combined (P = 0.001). However, no significant associations were observed between the other 10 SNPs and precocity of the Chinese mitten crab. To our best knowledge, this is the first association study between various SNP genotypes and phenotype attributes in Chinese mitten crab. Our findings suggest that the SNP g.3088 T>G may be a candidate marker for effective marker‐assisted selection to decrease the precocity of the Chinese mitten crab in future studies.     

性激素类物质在农产品中的残留及检测

近年来由于过量使用外源性激素作为动物饲料添加剂和植物生长调节剂,导致部分农产品受到性激素类物质污染并在农产品中残留,此外牛奶等乳制品中雌激素水平也有显著上升.这些性激素残留通过食物链在人体内积累,可诱发癌变,对生殖与神经等系统带来影响,还造成一定的环境问题.目前农产品中的性激素残留可用高效液相色谱法、酶联免疫吸附法等方法进行检测.     

笼养熊猴等级结构及其对育婴影响的研究

通过记录繁殖笼养熊猴(Macaca assamensis)成员之间发生攻击和屈服行为的指向和次数,采用计算优势指数的方法,判断笼内各成员的等级排列,并通过论述成年猴间的亲疏行为来探讨对育婴的贡献。结果表明:笼养的熊猴个体之间存在明显的等级序位,个体所处的序列位置与它的体重成正相关,等级序位的高低是通过暴力手段来确立的;雌猴的序位高低不影响其性权利,雄猴常常采用暴力的方式进行强行交配,雌猴处于一种被动接受的状态;育婴主要由母亲猴完成,但雄性对幼体也有明显的照料行为,照料的多少与雌猴所处的序位无关而与雌猴受雄猴性偏爱程度有关;阿姨猴对育婴贡献甚微,仅是象征性的作用。     

黑龙江省稻瘟病菌育性及其交配型分析

为明确黑龙江省采集自不同年份、不同地区的稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae的育性能力和交配型分布,采用2株标准菌株GUY11(MAT1-2)和KA3(MAT1-1)对2016—2017年黑龙江省西部、东部、中部3个地区经单孢分离的241株稻瘟病菌进行育性测定,并利用PCR技术对其交配型进行检测。结果表明,黑龙江省西部、东部、中部的241株稻瘟病菌中可育性菌株比例为11.62%,其中雌性菌株、雄性菌株、两性菌株分别占1.66%、4.56%和1.25%,不能判断其性别的未知菌株占4.15%。采集自不同地区、不同年份的稻瘟病菌可育性差异均较大,西部、东部、中部地区可育性菌株出现频率分别为13.25%、7.27%和12.62%;2016年采集的稻瘟病菌可育性较高,可育性菌株出现频率为25.30%。黑龙江省稻瘟病菌群体中同时存在MAT1-1和MAT1-2两种交配型,主要以交配型MAT1-1占优势,出现频率为58.92%,交配型为MAT1-2的菌株出现频率为8.30%。不同地区稻瘟病菌的交配型亦有差异,交配型为MAT1-1的菌株在黑龙江省东部地区出现频率最高,为72.73%,在中部、西部地区的出现频率次之,分别为61.17%和46.99%。表明黑龙江省水稻种植区的稻瘟病菌同时存在2种交配型菌株,其交配型存在丰富的多态性,但其可育性及交配型分布不均衡。     

Variation in Nicotine Content of Cultured Cell Lines of Nicotiana Species and their Somatic and Sexual Hybrids

Several Nicotiana species, their intergeneric sexual and somatic hybrids were compared for their in vitro growth rate and nicotine content. Cell yield on a dry weight basis and HPLC analysis of their nicotine content revealed a very high variation within each cell line from parental, sexual and somatic hybrids for the two traits analyzed. The trigeneríc sexual hybrids (N. rustica × N. debneyi) × N. tabacum and only two of the N. rustica × N. tabacum somatic hybrid lines show a positive heterosis in nicotine content in vitro The in vitro growth rate and nicotine content did not demonstrate a statistically significant correlation.     

提高沙地柏有性繁殖的主要技术措施研究

通过对沙地柏进行不同播种期、温汤浸种、不同激素、药剂处理以及超声波等处理试验,结果表明:沙地柏人工育苗的播种期应在8月中下旬为宜;种子处理以60~80℃水浸3~5 d效果最好;播种深度以1.0~1.5 cm为宜;以沙子覆盖效果最佳,出苗率达88%;激素、药剂、超声波辐射等处理种子效果均不如温汤浸种处理。     

Sexual and somatic hybridization in the genus Lactuca

Summary Various genes for disease resistance identified in wild Lactuca are difficult, even impossible to exploit in lettuce breeding, due to sexual incompatibility between L. sativa and wild Lactuca sp. We adapted two cellular biology techniques to overcome these interspecific barriers: in vitro embryo rescue and protoplast fusion. In vitro rescue of immature embryos was used successfully for sexual hybridization between L. sativa and L. virosa. Vigorous hybrid plants were produced between L. sativa and seven accessions of L. virosa. Protoplast fusion permitted the regeneration of somatic hybrids between L. sativa and either L. tatarica or L. perennis. Hybrids between L. sativa and L. tatarica were backcrossed to L. sativa.